John Caldwell (September 22, 1758 – November 19, 1804) was a Kentucky politician, state senator, and the second Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky serving under Governor Christopher Greenup.
He was elected to the Kentucky State Senate in 1792, and was later elected the 2nd Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 1804. Caldwell died at the age of 46 on November 19, 1804 while presiding over the State Senate in his first year as Lieutenant Governor from "inflammation of the brain". He was buried in Frankfort Cemetery. John Caldwell is the namesake of Caldwell County, Kentucky.